What Is Celiac Disease?

Celiac disease is triggered when people with a genetic predisposition eat gluten — a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. The immune system reacts by damaging the lining of the small intestine, impairing nutrient absorption.

Common Symptoms of Celiac Disease

Symptoms vary widely and can affect the digestive system or other parts of the body. Common symptoms include:

Diarrhea or constipation
Bloating and gas
Weight loss or poor weight gain in children
Fatigue
Iron-deficiency anemia
Skin rashes (dermatitis herpetiformis)
Mouth ulcers
Bone or joint pain
Infertility or miscarriage

Some people may be asymptomatic but still suffer intestinal damage.

Causes and Risk Factors

Celiac disease is caused by an immune response to gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Key risk factors include:

Family history (first-degree relatives have a 1 in 10 risk)
Other autoimmune diseases, like type 1 diabetes or autoimmune thyroid disease
Down syndrome or Turner syndrome
History of gastrointestinal infections

Diagnosis of Celiac Disease

Diagnosis typically includes:

Blood Tests
- Tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTG-IgA)
- Endomysial antibody (EMA)
Genetic Testing
- HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 genes
Small Intestine Biopsy
- Confirms intestinal damage and flattening of the villi

Important: Do not start a gluten-free diet before testing, as it may affect accuracy.

Treatment Options

There is currently no cure for celiac disease, but it can be managed effectively by:

✅ Strict Gluten-Free Diet

Avoid all sources of wheat, barley, and rye.
Check food labels for hidden gluten.
Use certified gluten-free products.

✅ Supplements

Iron, calcium, vitamin D, and B12 may be needed if deficiencies are present.

✅ Regular Follow-Up

Blood tests to monitor recovery
Consult with a dietitian for nutrition guidance

Foods to Avoid

Bread, pasta, cakes, and cookies made with wheat
Beer and malt beverages
Sauces or gravies with wheat flour
Processed foods unless labeled gluten-free

🥦 Safe Foods to Eat

Fresh fruits and vegetables
Meat, poultry, and fish (unbreaded)
Rice, corn, quinoa, and certified gluten-free oats
Legumes and nuts

🧠 Living with Celiac Disease

Celiac disease requires lifelong vigilance. With the right support, people can lead healthy lives. Joining support groups and working with a healthcare team can help manage the condition effectively.

📌 Key Takeaways

Celiac disease is a lifelong autoimmune condition triggered by gluten.
Symptoms can be digestive or non-digestive.
Diagnosis involves blood tests and intestinal biopsy.
A strict gluten-free diet is the only treatment.
Early diagnosis and diet management prevent long-term complications.

Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder where consuming gluten triggers an immune response that damages the small intestine. This condition affects millions globally and can develop at any age. It’s not just a food sensitivity — it’s a lifelong medical condition requiring serious attention.

Celiac Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment